Bulkhead: wall separating the internal spaces of the boat.
Hatch: access portal in front or back of the cockpit.
Coaming: rounded lip surrounding the upper portion (entrance) of the cockpit.
Lifting toggle: handles with cord attached to bow & stern for lifting the boat.
Tie downs: bungee cords attached laterally, semi-permanently to the deck in front and back of the cockpit.
Rudder: vertical steering blade attached to the stern on some kayaks.
Length: distance from farthest point in the back to the farthest point in the front.
Beam: maximum width of the boat.
Height: maximum distance from top to bottom of boat.
The Paddle
Non-feathered: blades are not at an angle to each other
Feathered: the blades are at a 70 to 90 degree angle to each other
BASIC EQUIPTMENT
Essentials
Boat
Paddle
Sprayskirt
Personal flotation device (PFD)*
Front and rear flotation*
Wetsuit or Drysuit
Safety Gear
Spare paddle
Pump*
Knife
First aid kit
Throw bag with 30 feet of towline*
Matches in waterproof container
Food rations and water
Emergency shelter
Signaling
Flares*
Whistle or air horn*
VHF radio
Cell phone
Mirror
strobe
Navigation
Light at night*
Chart with chart cover
Dividers, parallel ruler, protractor
Tide tables
Compass: hand-held & deck mounted
Clothing
Sandals or boots
Dry wool or fleece in waterproof bag
Paddling jacket
Polyester, nylon, or wool insulating garments if the air or water are cold
Cotton garments for cooling/sun protection if its sunny and the water is warm
Headgear: baklava, stocking cap, sun hat, rain hat, helmet for surf conditions
Gloves or pogies
TYPICAL HAZARDS
Heavy seas
Wind
Fog
Darkness
Overheating
Getting cold
Running out of water
Tidal rapids and strong currents
Shipping and motor/sail boat traffic
Injury on shore, where most happen
HYPOTHERMIA
Protection
Wear wetsuit or drysuit
Eat well & frequently
Drink plenty of water
Get plenty of rest
Keep working hard
Getting cold
Running out of water
Tidal rapids and strong currents
Shipping and motor/sail boat traffic
Injury on shore, where most happen
Symptoms
Shivering
Hyperventilating
Incoherent
Poor reasoning
Loss of dexterity
Treatment
Serious medical emergency
Strip off wet clothes, put on dry
hot drink if conscious
Rig tarp for shelter
Keep them working if able
Keep monitoring them
Call help on 911 or VHF channel 16
...If unconscious...
Keep warm
Keep horizontal
Monitor pulse and breathing
KAYAK TECHNIQUES
Getting in & out of your kayak Method 1: Paddle Method (for most situations)
bridge paddle between shore and rear of cockpit
Shoreside hand on paddle shaft
other hand grips coaming and shaft
Feet first, slide in
sprayskirt on, from rear to front leaving pull tab accessible
to get out, follow reverse order
Getting in & out of your kayak Method 2: Straddle Method (for very shallow water)
straddle cockpit
butt on seat, legs in
attach sprayskirt
to get out, follow reverse order
Getting in & out of your kayak Method 3: Dock Method (for alongside dock or float)
hold tight to cleat or rail
lower, stand on seat
keep weight on dock
butt on seat, legs in
to get out, follow reverse order
Wet Exit (Used if you capsize & cannot roll)
take your time, relax
grasp pull loop
pull toward bow & off
hold onto boat tight
slow, controlled exit
if possible, hold on to paddle
use whistle or flare depending on gravity of the situation
Assisted rescue (Used as a completion of a T-rescue
or as a rescue in its own right)
draw 2 boats together, preferably nose-to-nose, i.e. bow ends up next to stern of other boat
rescuer holds tight to both sides of victims cockpit
victim thrusts up onto own deck, chest down behind cockpit
victim slides legs in boat while prone
victim and/or rescuer pump out
make for shore if necessary
Paddle float self-rescue
move to downwind side of boat
roll boat cockpit side up
slip float onto blade
other blade under rigging behind cockpit
get/stay forward of paddle shaft
grasp boat, thrust kick and pull upper body onto rear deck
chest hard down behind cockpit
hook ankle over paddle shaft
put other leg in boat
keep weight in paddle float side
slip other leg into cockpit
rotate into sitting position
bail or pump out
retrieve paddle & stow float
Forward Stroke
3 point contact, feet, knees & butt
upper body vertical
hold paddle with elbow bent at 90°
reach forward, power face of paddle towards you
use long back muscles, not shoulders
ease back, power only to hip
gradually withdraw astern
keep center of shaft low for next stroke
Stopping and reversing
use back face of the paddle
push instead of pull
look behind you
do not use too much power, you may capsize
Forward sweep stroke
reach forward on the left to turn to the right
place the blade close to the boat with the power face outwards
brace firmly in three point contact
sweep out and around in a semi-circle
Lean towards the paddle
finish the stroke nearer the stern
allow kayak to come back under you
Draw stroke (Used for moving your kayak sideways)
hold paddle in normal forward-paddling grip
twist your body
hold paddle almost vertical
dip blade 2 to 3 feet out
opposite your hips
gently pull the blade towards you
do not let the blade go under the boat
turn the blade 90°, slice it away from you and repeat the rule
Slap brace (Used if you are caught off balance)
use the back of the blade
hold the shaft low & horizontal
extend your paddle and slap the water hard
if using a feathered paddle, practice getting the slapping blade flat every time
opposite your hips
gently pull the blade towards you
do not let the blade go under the boat
turn the blade 90°, slice it away from you and repeat the rule
FORWARD PADDLE STROKE
(Adapted from Sea Kayaking Association of B.C. Kayak Techniques and Knowledge Guidelines)
HOLDING THE PADDLE
Use a range of grip widths for more or less power, depending on circumstances. For more power to accelerate or to paddle against wind and/or current, use a wider grip. For cruising and speed in calm conditions, use a less wide grip. The widest grip is determined by where your hands are when holding your paddle horizontally over your head with both hands, forming right angles (90 degrees) at the elbows. The minimum grip width is determined by holding the paddle horizontally at chest level with upper arms vertical against your torso. You may mark these positions on your paddle with tape at the outside edge of your hand on the widest grip and at the inside edge of your hand for the minimum width.
To achieve the proper blade angle in the water it is necessary to have a control hand that keeps a fixed grip on a feathered paddle. Either hand will work. If you feel more comfortable with a non-feathered paddle after trying a feathered paddle, you can use it with both hands acting as the control for blade angle in the water. The top knuckles of your control hand should be in line with the top edge of the adjacent blade. The blade angle is determined by using wrists and/or forearms to adjust it to desired position. The control hand(s) have to maintain the grip. It should be light and but controlling, primarily accomplished with thumb and forefinger. A tight grip is unnecessary and fatiguing.
ARM PUSH/PULL
Sit upright or with a slight lean forward, with knees in contact with the deck, lower back firmly against its support, and feet in contact with the foot braces.
Select your control hand for feathered paddle* to use wrist and forearm to rotate the paddle to the proper angle in the water. Holding the paddle horizontally in front of you, practice rotating it with your wrist and forearm to achieve vertical water entry with both blades. Note that paddles can be feathered in opposite directions for left or right hand control.
Start with the paddle shaft held horizontally away from your body at chest level, beginning the stroke on the right side by extending your right arm straight out and your left hand coming back to your left shoulder. Put the blade smoothly, almost gently, into the water near the boat, well forward without leaning into it. Put the whole blade, but not the shaft, into the water for the entire stroke. Pull back with your right arm, not the wrist, to pull the boat toward the paddle (not forcefully pulling the paddle through the water towards your body). As you pull with the right, push with the palm of your left arm forward and across the boat. The left hand should stay below eye level. Keep the blade vertical in the water with the most force applied after putting the blade in the water and before passing your hips. Once at your hips, begin to lift the blade crisply, straight up and out of the water. Keep raising your right hand until it is at your right shoulder, bringing your left arm into a straightened forward posture with the left blade poised over the water, set to repeat the stroke on the left side of the boat.
*Feathered paddle. To rotate the blade for vertical entry of a stroke on the non-control side after a stroke on the control hand side, raise the control forearm and bend the wrist backwards as the control hand is lifting away from the water at the end of the stroke. To rotate the blade for vertical entry on the control side after a stroke on the non-control side, bend the control wrist forward after the blade on the non-control side is lifted out of the water and the non-control hand is moving to the shoulder, and while the control forearm is moving down and forward in preparation for the next stroke.
Practice the basic stroke slowly at first, concentrating on getting the fundamentals right with a fluid, balanced motion. Remember that you start and stop the push and pull motions at the same times.
TORSO TWIST
Using your torso twist to engage the major muscles of your upper and middle body will add significant power to your forward stroke. Begin the stroke by twisting your body above the hips to turn your shoulder of the extended arm in the direction of that arm. In other words, if the stroke is on the right side your torso will be twisted to the left, with your chest pointing at a 45 degree angle from your boat’s centerline, before commencing the pull/push motions. This extends your stroke by placing the blade further forward. As you begin your push/pull, start a coordinated release of the twist, uncoiling your body in the direction of the stroke side. Continue to twist your upper body through 90 degrees during the pull/push motion, ending up coiled towards the opposite side of the boat as when the stroke began, i.e. on the same side as the stroke was made. Now your upper body is staged to release the power of your shoulder, back and abdomen into the next stroke by twisting back in the direction of the next stroke at the same time you commence the pull/push. Repeating this 90 degree torso twist as a smooth part of each stroke, carefully coordinated with the arm motions, delivers maximum forward force transmitted from your body to the kayak at the points where your body contacts the boat. This force is transmitted primarily through your hip/butt, knee and foot on the same side as the stroke. To facilitate this you should fit snugly and can press the foot brace on the same side as the stroke with your foot. You may notice that the torso twist is doing part of the pull/push part, relieving your arms of part of that effort. Casual paddling does not require the full torso twist, but its extra power will be available when called on from the accomplished forward stroke.
DOs & DON'Ts
DO:
Keep the power blade fully immersed and perpendicular to the water.
Keep a constant alignment of the controlling hand to the nearest blade.
Center your grip on the shaft and keep it loose.
Sit upright with your head steady and eyes on the horizon.
Hold the shaft away from your chest with elbows slightly bent.
Place the blade as far ahead as possible at the beginning of the stroke without bending forward at the waist.
Bring your shoulder forward to increase your reach.
Put the blade in close to the boat and cleanly so there is no splash.
Use the palm of the upper hand to push, guided by slightly opened fingers.
Maintain as shallow a shaft angle as practical.
Pull and push with a steady, even pressure that favors the pulling side.
Get the majority of your power from the torso, then the pulling arm, and last of all from the pushing arm.
Twist your torso and rotate your shoulders to pull one arm back while driving the other arm forward.
Push against the foot brace on the pulling side.
Apply maximum power in mid-stroke, usually as knees are passing the blade.
Slice the blade up and out cleanly when your hip passes it.
Avoid unnecessary force.
DON'T:
Slouch or lean back in the seat.
Hold arms close to the chest.
Allow the pushing hand to go above eye level or across the centerline of the boat.
Keep too tight a grip on the shaft.
Juggle your grip to change the blade’s angle to the water.
Paddle using only your arms.
Keep the upper blade high in the air to catch wind and drip water on you.
Apply power before the blade is fully immersed.
Continue the stroke far beyond your hips.
Lean back and forth or rock side to side as you paddle.
Take the blade out too early, losing power---or too late, creating drag.
CONCLUSION
Putting together each of the fundamentals of the forward stroke with thoughtful, slow-motion practice and dedicated adherence whenever paddling will result in an effective, effortless, and seemingly natural means of pulling your kayak through the water. The forward stroke is detailed here because it is the stroke you will use the most. The basic stroke is described, but as with all kayaking techniques, you may find variations.
